What Are the Differences Between Physical and Occupational Therapy?

What Are the Differences Between Physical and Occupational Therapy?

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According to Alexandra Fredas, PT, DPT, and Kathryn Tuazon, MS, OTR/L, experts at JFK Johnson Rehabilitation Institute, both physical and occupational therapies share similar philosophies regarding treatment and patient care - but there are differences.

What is physical therapy (PT)?

As defined by the American Physical Therapy Association, a physical therapist is a “movement expert who optimizes quality of life through prescribed exercise, hands-on care and patient education.” Physical therapists work with patients throughout their lifespans in various settings focusing on rehabilitation and prevention of disease, injury or disability while also promoting fitness and wellness.

According to Alexandra, the goal of PT is to restore and optimize movement within the context of a person’s musculoskeletal, neurological, and cognitive abilities to return to meaningful activities in their life. “Physical therapists can utilize therapeutic exercise and hands-on treatments, recommend assistive devices and share patient education in order to achieve these goals,” she explains.

What is occupational therapy (OT)?

The main goal of occupational therapy, as noted by Kathryn, is to maximize participation and engagement with meaningful, everyday life activities (“occupations”). Examples can include anything from getting dressed, feeding yourself, navigating the grocery store, driving, engaging in hobbies and/or managing personal health and wellness.

“The methods used can vary to best address a patient’s needs—taking into account their diagnosis, physical and social environment, cognitive and mental status, and cultural beliefs,” the occupational therapist elaborates. “We want people to engage fully and safely in all activities they find important and are indicative of who they are as a whole person, despite any limitations or disabilities.”

When would you need physical therapy versus occupational therapy?

Both physical and occupational therapy are needed for musculoskeletal, neurological and cognitive impairments due to conditions including but not limited to:

  • Amputation
  • Brain injury
  • Concussion
  • Dizziness and imbalance
  • Orthopedic injury
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Post-surgical recovery
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Sports-related injury
  • Stroke

While each therapy evaluates all aspects of a person, Kathryn and Alexandra agree that occupational therapy tends to focus more on daily living activities in addition to the cognitive and psychosocial aspects while physical therapy tends to focus more on walking, navigating around the community and on the quality of movement during activities. However, there can be some overlap in treatment given each individual therapist’s specialized background and training.

How does physical therapy work versus occupational therapy?

For an activity such as grocery shopping, a physical therapist would work with a patient to:

  • Improve balance, strength, and endurance to walk into the store
  • Help a patient get safely in and out of the car
  • Assist a patient in bending, reaching, and lifting items off of the shelves

Whereas, an occupational therapist would work with a patient to:

  • Progress memory, organization and problem-solving skills to complete the task of grocery shopping or adapt the activity to match the patient’s skills
  • Support the planning of the trip from remembering what is needed at the store, navigating the aisles and handling money at checkout

Where can you receive PT and OT?

Physical and occupational therapists practice in a variety of areas including:

  • Acute care
  • Aquatics
  • Cardiovascular and pulmonary care
  • Geriatrics care
  • Home health
  • Mental health
  • Neurology care
  • Oncology care
  • Orthopedics care
  • Pediatrics care
  • Rehabilitation
  • Sports
  • Women’s health care

As explained by the therapists, PTs and OTs can be found in hospitals, inpatient and outpatient rehabilitation, skilled nursing facilities, schools, athletics and mental health institutions.

Are there similarities between PT and OT?

There is overlap between the professions in the diagnoses seen and practice settings. “PTs and OTs often work closely as a team to ensure patient-centered treatment as each unique approach complements the other,” says Kathryn.

Both Kathryn and Alexandra work in an outpatient setting where they frequently see patients affected by stroke. “We combine our approaches and frequently communicate with one other to ensure a comprehensive and individualized treatment in order to maximize the patient’s function and participation in all activities,” adds Alexandra.

As a patient, how do you know which therapy to choose?

This is the $1,000 question.

Primarily, therapy is recommended by a physician. However, if an individual notices difficulty in any of the areas mentioned, the two therapists advise reaching out to his or her doctor and discussing the possibility of obtaining a prescription for PT or OT.

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